Fungal Strategies for the Remediation of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons 95

...Table 6.2 contd.

Fungi

Phylum

Substrate

Mechanism

References

Cladosporium

sphaerospermum

Ascomycota

Naphthalene,

acenaphthylene,

acenaphthene,

fluorene,

phenanthrene,

anthracene,

pyrene, benz(a)

anthracene,

chrysene, benzo(b)

fluoranthene,

benzo(k)fluoranthene,

benzo(a)

pyrene, dibenz(a,h)

anthracene,

indeno(1,2,3-c,d)

pyrene and

benzo(ghi)perylene

Laccase activity

Potin et al. 2004

Cunninghamella elegans

Zygomycota

Phenanthrene

Cytochrome P450

monooxygenase

Lisowska and

D1ugonski 2003

Trichoderma harzianum

Penicillium

simplicissimum

P. janthinellum

P. funiculosum

P. terrestre

Ascomycota

Ascomycota

Ascomycota

Ascomycota

Ascomycota

Pyrene

Cytochrome P450

monooxygenase

Saraswathy and

Hallberg 2002

Penicillium chrysogenum

P. italicum

Ascomycota

Ascomycota

Fluorene

Enzymatic cleavage

Garon et al. 2002

Penicillium janthinellum

Ascomycota

Benz[a]pyrene

Enzymatic cleavage

Boonchan et al. 2000

Penicillium chrysogenum

P. aurantiogriseum

P. crustosum

P. decumbens

P. griseofulvum

P. janczewskii

P. janthinellum

P. roqueforti

P. rugulosum

P. simplicissimum

P. velutinum

Ascomycota

Ascomycota

Ascomycota

Ascomycota

Ascomycota

Ascomycota

Ascomycota

Ascomycota

Ascomycota

Ascomycota

Ascomycota

Pyrene

Cytochrome P450

monooxygenase

Ravelet et al. 2000

Fusarium solani

Ascomycota

Benzo[a]pyrene

Cytochrome P450

monooxygenase

Rafin et al. 2000

white-rot fungus can degrade LMW-PAHs as well as HMW-PAHs with removal efficiencies of up

to 58–73 and 21–26%, respectively (Kariyawasam et al. 2021, Leonardi et al. 2007). Utilization

of extracellular enzymes laccases and peroxidases accelerate the B(a)P metabolized into B(a)

P-1,6, -3,6-quinones or B(a)P-6,12-quinones intermediates observed in fungal species such as

P. chrysosporium, Cunninghamella elegans, A. ochraceus, T. versicolor and P. cinnabarinus

illustrated in Figure 6.4 (Majcherczyk et al. 1998, Datta and Samanta 1988, Haemmerli et al. 1986,

Cerniglia and Gibson 1980). Another report of WRF P. ostreatus in immobilized commercial pellets

that can degrade a significant number of PAHs such as 69.1% of Benzo(a)anthracene [B(a)A], 29.7%

of chrysene (CHY), 39.7% of Benzo(b)fluoranthene [B(b)F], 32.8% of Benzo (k)fluoranthene

[B(k)F], 85.2% of B(a)P and 80% of the total PAHs (Covino et al. 2010). Furthermore, Bhattacharya

et al. (2017) discovered that the biodegradation of B(a)P was enhanced when it was subjected to